Renaissance in 12th Century Culture and Thought

renascence in 12th speed of light farming and ThoughtHow take over is the label reincarnation, when applied to twelfth century im date and grow?IntroductionDuring this essay we shall be exploring the finish of the ordinal deoxycytidine monophosphate in atomic number 63. We atomic number 18 concerned with the extent to which this expiration, which was one of extraordinary hearty, economic, and semi policy-making change, with profound victimisations in thought and culture can be considered a reincarnation. First it is necessary to contemplate the true meaning of the label rebirth. What are the most authorized features of a renaissance that mark it aside from primaeval(a) full stops of time? In the first part of our work we shall effort to define the parameters of what a renaissance is.The Second part of our work impart examine the historic background of the twelfth blow. We shall briefly examine the most important developments during a period that has done muc h to shape the young world, including the grind away of benevolentism, the private, the advance of the Church, the creation of Universities and the development of legal codes throughout europium. wherefore was the ordinal deoxycytidine monophosphate such an important period in chivalrous history and did these profound changes and developments constitute a renaissance in the personal manner of the renaissance of the fifteenth nose candy?In our final Chapter we result familiarize the case that using the bourn renaissance for the twelfth cytosine is misleading, absurd and inappropriate. Although the twelfth century was extremely important, with profound developments in many fields, this does non necessarily make it a renaissance. Many historians would also compete that applying such labels is detrimental to the study of history in this chapter we will examine round of their arguments. In our conclusion we will conclude on whether it is accurate, reclaimable or app ropriate to apply the term renaissance to the Twelfth light speed.The term renaissance, or re-birth is usually associated with the Italian reincarnation in the fourteenth and 15th Centuries which subsequently dissipate throughout Europe.1 This period saw a revival in classical texts and sources of know leadge in a descriptor of fields, mathematics, uprightness, philosophy, art and education to name but a few. Educational reform spread these ideas throughout Europe, leading to developments in knowledge, technology and agriculture, as tumesce as social changes which saw a population shift to towns and cities.2 In essence renaissance is referring to a revival, in this case the classic texts and teachings of the antique classicals. It is generally accepted by historians today that there were several renaissances in Europe, in the Ninth, Twelfth and 14th Centuries, where profitd access to classical texts and saucily(prenominal) social factors led to delicate, technological a nd social developments throughout Society.3 When referring to the Twelfth Century renascence most historians mean the period between 1050 and 1250, and unconnected the early period of the later conversion, developments happened throughout Europe and did not begin in one region or Country.4Chapter OneThe Twelfth Century was arguably one of the most important in medieval times, if not in the whole of European History. The rediscovery of many Latin and Greek texts following the egest of the Greek Empire and increased contact with Islamic scholars led to an increase in scientific knowledge, and to developments in all intellectual fields. The Twelfth Century saw striking advances in technology, which combined with a warmer temper and greater stability led to an agricultural surplus, an mendd quality of deportment and new opportunities. This more dynamic European Society invented spectacles, paper, unquestionable the handling of gunpowder, more accurate clocks and printing metho ds.5 For a period the Latin and Greek texts were simply re-produced by an increasing number of European Scholars. in stages once all these works were discovered and thoroughly absorbed, many Scholars began to kind upon this knowledge and adapt it for contemporary use, no more so than in the field of law.Roman law and a revival of jurisprudence spread throughout Twelfth Century Europe, replacing traditional, custom based law and helping create stability. One of the best examples of this was in Henry II of Englands legal reforms. Like in many parts of Europe trial by ordeal or battle was still common, and the coat of the Kings justness was not uniform throughout his British territories. Henry II marched trial by jury and set up magistrate courts so that his representatives could administer legal rulings on his behalf. This was the beginning of the Modern day justice system, it made the legal system fairer and helped establish the authority of the Church and nation throughout Euro pe.6The artistic pursuits flourished during the Twelfth Century, the fields of poetry, architecture, music, and literature all developed greatly. This was partly a resolution of the increased wealth and security in many parts of Europe, but it was also an indication of the self confidence, creativity and curiosity of a more dynamic European Society thirstily absorbing new sources of knowledge from the Latin and Greek texts, the Islamic and Byzantium worlds.7 This artistic revival also had few links to the more humansist philosophies and teachings from the great Twelfth Century scholars and teachers. Humanist thought also developed in the period around the Twelfth Century, and many academics, such as Morris, see that the Twelfth Century saw the beginnings of the discovery of the individual and the origins of rational thought.8 The feeler of the individual led to a wider interest in self expression, human relations and self discovery, it was a point when man became interested i n the position of the individual in relation to Society and its institutions.9 This apparent rise of rational thought however did not coincide with a decomposition of the powers of the Church. Indeed during this period the Christian Church went through a period of dynamic reform, strengthening its influence and power to a point where the pope would attempt to exercise power and influence over Monarchies and Empires. It was Innocent III, a proponent of both religious and blue legal codes, who called for a apparent motion against the infidels in 1198, and he who made the English King John his vassal.10 The Twelfth Century re primary(prenominal)ed a period of faith where to stock-still question whether there was a God was considered madness.How then was the knowledge gleaned from the classical Greek and Latin texts disseminated throughout Europe? The establishing of Universities in places such as Paris, Oxford and Bologna was possibly one of the greatest events of the Twelfth Cent ury. Students from all over Europe travelled to these centres of learning, and helped to spread their new scholastic thought and ideas back to their homelands.11 The Universities not sole(prenominal) helped to re-introduce classical knowledge back into Europe but helped instal upon and adapt the works to let out serve the very incompatible European Society that they inhabited, a Society that was rapidly changing and beginning to research the world outside the European frontiers. We dupe established then that the period of the Twelfth Century, which for many academics means 1050-1250, was a period of great economic, social, political and religious change. In our next chapter we will argue that the label renascence is fitting of such a deep important era.Chapter TwoThe Twelfth Century did indeed contain many of the features that defined the 15th Century renascence in Italy. The discovery of Latin and Greek texts allowed for great advances in the scientific, social, political and legal fields as well as other intellectual pursuits. After the long process of absorbing the vast set up of texts, Twelfth Century Scholars built upon that knowledge just as some of the great Italian minds in Florence did several hundred years later. The bridal of Roman legal canons and the revival of the arts are two examples of a European re-birth a fundamental change in Society for the better inspired by the classical works.12 If anything the Twelfth Century was perhaps even more open minded than its later Italian rebirth, adopting and learning from cultures antecedently regarded as heathens and heretics.A Renaissance cannot be defined simply as an interest in classic texts or the adoption of some aspects of quaint Intellectual ideas into Society. The Italian Renaissance was a flowering and development of ideas that were inspired by classical texts and sources. The Twelfth Century saw rapid developments in virtually every intellectual pursuit as a result of the re-disco very of Latin and Greek texts. It helped lead to the rise of new towns and helped spread tongue literatures. As Haskins demonstrates it was in many ways the early beginnings of the modern world, transcendent the achievements of the authors of those ancient texts.It saw the culmination of Romanesque art and the beginnings of Gothic, the revival of the Latin classics and of Latin poetry and Roman law the recovery of Greek science, with its Arabic additions, and of much of Greek philosophy and the origin of the first European universities.Another main feature of the Italian Renaissance is the spread of humanist ideas and philosophy. We have previously demonstrated that Humanist thought and philosophy flourished in the Twelfth Century, and the origins of the singular, an important Western concept, arose in this period of intense intellectual change and development. The advantage of the Church was not challenged, but a philosophy of intellect and of valuing the human spirit that so defined the Italian Renaissance and indeed the later Enlightenment flourished in the newly created schools and Universities of Twelfth Century Europe.13 It is irrelevant to equation the relative contributions of each Renaissance in a bid to establish which is more important or which period contributed more to the formation of modern, secular Europe. We are merely concerned with whether the label renaissance is a suited label for the Twelfth Century. Academics such as Haskins and Brooke do clearly commit it was a Renaissance and have given clear evidence to nourish their claims.14 In our final chapter we will examine the theories of other academics who argue that it is neither appropriate nor relevant to describe the Twelfth Century as a Renaissance.Chapter ThreeFor many historians, such as Panofsky and Chenu, it is inaccurate to describe the Twelfth Century as a true renaissance.15 There are several different reasons for this approach. Scholars like Panofsky believed that althou gh Latin and Greek works were re-discovered and that this led to a degree of development, the change was limited to a small swear of Intellectual pursuits. Although many in the Twelfth Century imitated the texts and borrowed some of their teachings, they failed to authentically appreciate the fact that the ancient world was a completely different culture from their own, their understanding of the works and of the time itself was limited and narrow and unlike the scholars, artists and philosophers of the Italian Renaissance they did not seek to return to classical age or change the society in which they lived, merely adapt some classical teachings to suit their environment.16Other historians are not quite so dismissive of the huge range of achievements in the period around the Twelfth Century, and historians like Chenu recognise the importance of the era whilst believing that the label of renaissance does not do the period justice. The engine of artistic, economic and political ha rvest-feast was not the re-discovery of the Latin and Greek texts but the improving economic and social conditions. The true re-birth was the revitalization of the Christian Church, which inspired a new ache for learning, discovery, and invention and created an atmosphere in which the ancient texts could be adapted to improve the conditions of a newly invigorated Christian Society which was increasingly placing rationality and reason at the heart of its teachings. The Twelfth Century was a unique, profoundly important era that should be studied in its own right, not as a mere pre- Renaissance but an age that helped evidence in the beginnings of Modern Western Society.17ConclusionIn conclusion then, how appropriate is the term renaissance to describe Twelfth Century thought and culture? This essay has demonstrated that the Twelfth Century was a period of significant social, economic, political and religious change. Those developments had a major impact in do the modern Western Wo rld. Increased prosperity and security created new opportunities and a seemingly universal desire for learning and advancement led to new inventions, the formation of new institutions and the adoption of philosophy which facilitated the rise of humanism and the individual as the centre of Western thought. The contribution of classic Latin and Greek texts cannot be underestimated, the knowledge revealed and subsequently built upon spurred developments in medicine, law, philosophy, technology, theology and art. irrelevant the Italian Renaissance Twelfth Century men did not hearken back to the ancient times, nor did they wish to re-order Society, merely make it better, more Christian and more humane.It is our conclusion then that using the label renaissance for this period is useful in initially expressing the profound importance of this period both in gallant history and in the effect it has had on the development of Western culture itself. Through its usage we demonstrate that the 14th and 15th Century Renaissances were not as unique as many historians would have us believe, and that the so called dark ages were not the continuous period of ignorance and awkwardness so often imagined. But the Twelfth Century is more than a pale imitation of the Italian Renaissance, it is a period of time worthy of separate study and analysis, in the future it maybe that Society will regard this period as the true Renaissance and the later Italian period a development on the achievements and work of a dynamic, cowcatcher and inspired Century.BibliographyBenson R L Constable G (eds.), Renaissance and vicissitude in the Twelfth Century (Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1982, 1991).Brooke C N L, The Twelfth Century Renaissance (London, Thames Hudson, 1969)Chenu M-D, Nature, Man and Society in the Twelfth Century ( dough, wampum UP, 1968, 1997)Constable G, The Reformation of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996).Cook W R Herzman R B, Th e Medieval World View An Introduction (Oxford, OUP, 1983)Duby G, The Europe of the Cathedrals (Geneva, Skira, 1966)Haskins C H, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (classic) (Cambridge Mass., Harvard UP, 1927)Hollister C W, The Twelfth Century Renaissance (New York NY, Wiley, 1969)Holmes U T, The Idea of a Twelfth-Century Renaissance Speculum 26 (1951)Morris C, The Discovery of the Individual 1050-1200 (Toronto, Toronto UP, 1987)Packard S R, Twelfth Century Europe (Amherst Mass., Massachusetts UP, 1973)Panofsky E, Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art (New York NY, Harper Row, 1970)Southern R W, Medieval humanism and Other Studies (Oxford, Blackwell, 1970, 1984)Stiefel T, The Intellectual vicissitude in Twelfth Century Europe (London, Croom Helm, 1985)Swanson R N, The Twelfth Century Renaissance (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1999)Treadgold W (Ed), Renaissances before the Renaissance heathen Revivals of fresh Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Stanford Ca., Stanfor d UP, 1984)Trevor-Roper H R, The Rise of Christian Europe (London, Thames and Hudson, 1965)Wolff P, The Awakening of Europe (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1968, 1985)Footnotes1 Ferruolo, Stephen C, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance in Treadgold W (ed), Renaissances in advance the Renaissance Cultural Revivals of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Stanford Ca., Stanford UP, 1984) p.1142 Haskins C H, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (classic) (Cambridge Mass., Harvard UP, 1927) p.53 Cook W R Herzman R B, The Medieval World View An Introduction (Oxford, OUP, 1983) p.2124 Swanson R N, The Twelfth Century Renaissance (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1999).5 Packard S R, Twelfth Century Europe (Amherst Mass., Massachusetts UP, 1973)6 Haskins C H, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (classic) (Cambridge Mass., Harvard UP, 1927) pp193-2247 Brooke C N L, The Twelfth Century Renaissance (London, Thames Hudson, 1969)8 Morris C, The Discovery of the Individual 1050-1200 (Toronto, Toronto UP, 1987)9 Ferruolo, Stephen C, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance in Treadgold W (ed), Renaissances Before the Renaissance Cultural Revivals of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Stanford Ca., Stanford UP, 1984) p.12610 Cook W R Herzman R B, The Medieval World View An Introduction (Oxford, OUP, 1983) p.20311 Stiefel T, The Intellectual Revolution in Twelfth Century Europe (London, Croom Helm, 1985)12 Hollister C W, The Twelfth Century Renaissance (New York NY, Wiley, 1969)13 Ferruolo, Stephen C, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance in Treadgold W (ed), Renaissances Before the Renaissance Cultural Revivals of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Stanford Ca., Stanford UP, 1984) pp122-13214 Brooke C N L, The Twelfth Century Renaissance (London, Thames Hudson, 1969)15 Chenu M-D, Nature, Man and Society in the Twelfth Century (Chicago, Chicago UP, 1968, 1997)16 Ferruolo, Stephen C, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance in Treadgold W (ed), Renaissances Before the Renaissance Cultural Reviv als of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Stanford Ca., Stanford UP, 1984) p11617 IBID, P.134